C1 Advanced English for the Bilingual Professional - Modal Auxiliaries in past: Must have, might have, could have and should have.
hello students
this is teacher Kenn
welcome to class
and today we're going to be talking about the modal
auxilaries in past
I hope that if you have any questions
go ahead and check the video on the intermediate level
this is the advanced level
we are on C1
but on B1 we have the modal auxiliaries in
present or future
and so if you have any questions about that
you can go ahead
for this class
we're going to focus
on using the model auxiliaries in past
I hope you're ready
let's go ahead and get started
so we're going to talk about model auxiliaries in past
using our English Sentence structure book
remember that the book is available in the description
and you are also able to either
access the free copy that I have
so you can use it with me
you can follow the video here on YouTube
or if you would like
you can also purchase your own copy of the book
all of those links will be in the description
right now we are on page 252 of the PDF document
but if you have the physical book
we are on page 239
page 239 on the English Sentence Structure book
and we are going to start with Lesson 22
which is the second level or the second lesson
in the advanced level
we're going to focus specifically on must have
might have should have
and could have for this class okay
so again we have already seen the modal auxiliaries
in present or future
we're going to use these main examples
so that we can practice the correct structures
of when we want to use these modal auxiliaries in past
we're going to use have
when we want to use the past in auxiliaries
as we have the examples here
we have them in present or future versus past
in present or future it says they must know him
and then in past they just add have
and they say must have
they must have known him
so the only difference in these cases is the have
and that is what is going to help us know
that this idea is not in present
must have and remember that
we are always going to use the action
in fast participle okay
let me go ahead and read the other examples
as I color up
they might hear us
they might have heard us
they should
study
they should have studied
they could play tennis now
they could have played tennis
so again in present or future
we use the modal auxiliary
and after that we use the action
the action is not going to be in present
or in past no s no ed
no changes in the action
when we are using the modal auxiliaries
in present or future
but when we are using the modal auxiliaries in past
we have to use modal auxiliary have
and then the action or verb
is always going to be in past participle
we know that if they are regular verbs
there is no difference between present and past
but if they are irregular
well I'm sorry
between present and past
if they are regular verbs
the only difference is the Ed
but between present simple past and past participle
there is a difference in the irregular verbs
for example
in number one
they must know him
they must have known him
let's continue down here with the comments
just for us to
to get another idea of what these would mean
on the new pattern
when we're talking on the new pattern
it says they must have known him means
I conclude that they knew him
so this is a conclusion
about a situation that took place in the past okay
number two says they might have heard us
it says it is possible that they heard us
they should have studied
it was right and desirable for them to study
but they didn't
again we are speaking in past
the other example is they had an obligation to study
but they didn't
and then No. 4 says they could have played tennis
that would be
they had the capability or opportunity to play tennis
but they didn't
let me erase this one right here okay
so but they didn't
I want us to think again about present
or future versus past
when we are looking at the ideas in past
in these comments
we are looking at the actions in past
and that's just the best way to understand them
if we want to contrast them with the present
for example
they must know him
which is No. 1 a
I just have to change the action to the present tense
I conclude that they know him
No.2 a they might hear us would be
it is possible that they hear us if it's imprisoned
three they should study
it is right and desirable for them to study
but they aren't going to
they have an obligation to study
but they aren't going to
and No. 4 they could play tennis now
would mean they have the capability
or up your opportunity
sorry opportunity of playing tennis
but they aren't going to
I just want you guys to have this contrast
and remember that when we already understand
when to use the model auxiliaries
in present or in future
for everyday situations
or for something that is probable or might happen
we just have to add have
and the verb in past participle
and we will be using the correct structure
once you understand how they work in present
the only switch that you have to do is adding have
and changing the action to past participle
this is something that gets confusing for students
sometimes so
I would like to just go ahead and read
the few other examples that we have here
before we go to the actual exercise
we're going to be doing exercise one
but in any case
let's take a look at the different examples
that we have here
in the notes
it says that the combination must have
is used to express suppositions only
never to express obligations or necessity
for past necessity
they used had had to
as in they had to go early
when we're talking about the possibility
that something occurred
a possibility that something happened in the past
we can use may have or could have
but people sometimes use might have to okay
so they might have gone
they may have gone
they could have gone
they are all talking about something that may be
happened in the past
now I would like us to take a look at these
negative sentences
just remember that the negative is always going to go
connected to the model
never to the house
so you will say
he must not have known him
it is not correct to say
he must haven't known him
that would be wrong very wrong
people will not like it when they hear it
it sounds weird
so the negatives in English
are always connected to the auxiliaries
he must not have known it
I conclude that he didn't know it
they might not have heard us
it is possible that they didn't hear us
they shouldn't have studied
it was desirable for them not to study
however they did study
he couldn't have played tennis yesterday
in my opinion
it was not possible for him to play tennis yesterday
okay let's take a look at the additional examples
it says the lake is frozen
it must have been of sorry
it must have been very cold last night
it's right here
must have been
and remember the action is always in task particle
why didn't the mayor welcome us
I don't know
he might not have received our message
or he might have forgotten
my friend left for the airport at 7 a m yesterday
but he missed the plane
he should have left at 6:30
you shouldn't have gone without your coat
you could have caught the cold
the books we bought last year were very valuable
without them we couldn't have passed our examinations
if you guys have any questions about
the additional examples
the notes or the explanation please
don't hesitate to leave a message in the comments
right now we're going to do exercise one
exercise one is on page 241
of our English Sentence Structure book
it is 254 on the PDF
it's a substitution exercise
so we're going to switch the word that is instructed
and we're going to change anything in the structure
that also needs to change between present or past
I will go ahead and say the sentence
say the word that you should change
give you a moment
so that you can produce the complete sentence
and after that
I will say the complete sentence too
so that you can go ahead and check your answer
and make any corrections
remember that you can repeat this as
many times as you need
at least the first two times
I recommend you to take a look at the book
or look at the video on YouTube
so you can follow what is written on the screen
and on the book
the ultimate goal
after constant repetition
for internalization of the structure
is that you are able to just listen to the word
and produce the complete
correct sentence without looking
but in order for that to happen
you first have to do it with the book open
and repeat it and correct it as many times necessary
if you have any questions
leave me a message in the comments
or send me a message over WhatsApp
I'm more than happy to help
let's go from the example and it says
we should return the books tomorrow
yesterday
we should have returned the books yesterday
could have
we could have returned the books yesterday repeat
very good tomorrow
we could return the books tomorrow repeat
play tennis
we could play tennis tomorrow Ricky
so before we continue with the exercise
remember if we are speaking in past
we have to use have and the action in past participle
if we are speaking about present or future
we use the action without any changes
so we could play tennis tomorrow
what's the sentence with yesterday
we could have played tennis yesterday repeat
you must have
you must have played tennis yesterday
they
they must have played tennis yesterday
might have
they might have played tennis yesterday
tomorrow
they might play tennis tomorrow repeat
go to the bank
they might go to the bank tomorrow
should
they should go to the bank tomorrow
yesterday
they should have gone to the bank yesterday
must have
they must have gone to the bank yesterday
heard the news
they must have heard the news yesterday
might have
they might have heard the news yesterday
gone to Chicago
they might have gone to Chicago yesterday
tomorrow
they might go to Chicago tomorrow
okay
help us
they might help us tomorrow
might not
they might not help us tomorrow
return the books
they might not return the books tomorrow
yesterday
they might not have returned the books yesterday
we
we might not have returned the books yesterday
shut up
we should have returned the books yesterday
okay
and that is the last answer on that exercise
we should have returned the books yesterday
again this is the exercise that lets you practice
the structure
the correct structure for the model auxiliaries in past
you can use it as many times as you'd like
to internalize the structure
and let me go ahead and help you with where in the book
you will be able to find practices
that are according to the same structure
that way you will be able to
check on your own
if you are doing well
enough with the structures
the PDF book that is available in the description
has two books
the first part of the book is the
conversational practice book
there we review structures
and we practice it in conversation
on the second part
that is called English sentence practices
here we have written exercises
where you will be able to put to test what you know
on the PDF book
it's on page 628
but if you have the English Sentence Practices book
which will also be available in the description
for purchase
it is on page 302
as you see a
is reviewing the same thing that we were just reviewing
must have might have
should have
could have so
all the exercises that have an a
here are going to be to practice that structure
you can go ahead and follow the instructions
you can go ahead and do the exercises you see
exercise do
still follow spots a
still practicing the same structure
exercise 3 is starting on Box B
so that one is going to be with the next structures
do exercises 1 and 2 on your free time
and you can check your answers at the very end
you will be able to find Lesson 22
the same way I just found the practice
see right here
it's lessons 19 through 23
Lesson 22 is on page 386 of the PDF
no sorry 386 of the English Sentence Practices book
it's page 712 on the PDF
and we have exercises 1 and 2
you will find the answers are right here
if after you do the exercise and you check your answers
there is something that is incorrect
and you still don't know why you still have questions
go ahead and leave me a comment
you know it doesn't take that much of my time
to answer to your questions
and I really want to help you improve your structure
so drop me a comment or send me a message in WhatsApp
I hope that you enjoyed today's class
and again remember
English is easy
you just need to practice
see you next class alright guys
thank you very much for being here today
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